Joseph E. Stiglitz is an American economist and Columbia University professor whose work centers on income distribution, international trade and the failings of global institutions. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2001, and earlier chaired the U.S. Council of Economic Advisers and served as chief economist of the World Bank. His books include The Great Divide, Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy, and Creating a Learning Society, along with Freefall, which looks at free markets and the sinking of the world economy.